: AS SPOKEN IN THE KOSHKONONG SETTLEMENT, 
WISCONSIN 


THE LIBRARY 


_ OF THE 
UNIVERSITY OF (LLIMOIS 


BY 
GEORGE T. FLOM 
University of Illinois 


Reprinted from AMERICAN SPEECH 
Vol. I, No. 10, July, 1926 


Te 


a 


a 
ie 


“a eo - 2s 


Reprinted from Amprican SpHEcH 
Vol. I, No. 10, July, 1926 


ENGLISH LOANWORDS IN AMERICAN NORWEGIAN 


AS SPOKEN IN THE KOSHKONONG SETTLEMENT, 
WISCONSIN 


OSSIBLY the most interesting exam- 
p ple of English-Norwegian speech 
mixture in this country is that of 
Koshkonong in the southern part of Dane 
County, Wisconsin. Koshkonong is one 
of the two oldest large Norwegian settle- 
ments in America, being first visited by a 
few immigrant Norwegians in 1839 and 
definitely settled in 1840. It is without 
doubt the best known settlement in Nor- 
wegian American annals, and has, per- 
haps, occupied the position of greatest 
prominence and _ influence. Roughly 
reckoned the settlement may be said to 
extend from Lake Kegonsa on the west to 
Lake Koshkonong on the east, from 
which it takes its name. That is a dis- 
tance east and west of about thirteen 
miles. On the south are the villages of 
Albion and Stoughton, and on the north, 
fifteen miles away, that of Deerfield. 
The region is noted for its beauty, and 
the community is possibly the most 
prosperous agricultural settlement in the 
State. 

The Norwegians that settled there came 
mainly from Sogn, Telemarken, and 
Numedal. There were some families from 
Hardanger and Hedemarken, and of those 
of more recent immigration there were a 
few families from Oslo and the vicinity of 
Trondhjem. I shall not here go further 
into the history of the locality except to 
add that the Norwegians were the first 
atrivals in the settlement proper. Im- 
mediately on the south, Albion Prairie 
was being taken possession of at the same 


541 


time by Americans of English origin who 
were moving in from Western New York, 
and these two settlements grew up to- 
gether, so to speak. In the villages that 
were formed in, and on the borders of, 
the Norwegian settlement there were 
many Americans, and the post office, 
Utica, was a point of intimate contact 
between the two nationalities. The 
language mixture that was the result 
among the Norwegians is unusually ex- 
tensive in all the dialects spoken. To 
some slight extent Norwegian words were 
used, now and then, by the Americans, 
but the total number is not over about 
half a dozen. There was only one 
American, however, who learned to speak 
Norwegian, namely the son of the post- 
master; he later became the postmaster 
and lived there until a few yearsago. The 
Norwegians were, of course, all bilingual, 
though many who were already old when 
they came spoke English very imper- 
fectly. 

I purpose in the following pages to offer 
as complete a list as possible of the 
English words adopted into their own 
speech by the Norwegian settlers and 
their children. The list contains about 
1025 words. Of these about 735 are 
nouns, 235 are verbs, 43 are adjectives, 7 
ate adverbs. There are 5 interjections 
and one preposition; there are no con- 
junctions or pronouns. Of the nouns 
about 575 ate masculines, 56 are femi- 
nines, and 80 are neuters; 4 may be either 
masculine or feminine, and 11 either 


R 94403 


542 


masculine or neuter. A few are used only 
in the plural or as collectives. Some 
words are used only in one particular 
combination; standing expressions are 
sometimes adopted bodily; semantic in- 
fluences are often met with; translation 
words are relatively rare. A great many 
words ate not changed much, for the 
phonetic system of the Norwegian dialects 
here concerned, and especially that of 
Sogn, is not very far removed from that 
of English. But many of the words are 
altered considerably, and it is an in- 
teresting thing to observe in connection 
with these extensively changed words 
that they are similarly, or very nearly 
similarly, changed in other loanword 
lists that I have, from Wisconsin, Iowa, 
and Minnesota. The gender of the loan- 
nouns also corresponds very closely; the 
differences in this respect are few. 
Some years ago I published in Dialect 
Notes an article on this subject; the list 
of loanwords as there given was about 
zoo. The present list is intended to be as 
complete as possible, with also more 
exact indication of pronunciation. In the 
Journal of Germanic Philology, Volume V, 
1903-1905, pp. 1-31, I dealt with the 
problem of the grammatical gender of the 
nouns in the list as published in Dialect 
Notes. While I should now interpret the 
material a little differently, I can in the 
main agree with it, and shall not here 
take the space to discuss that problem. 
In the article in Dialect Notes I considered 
classes of words borrowed, and the dialec- 
tal differences upon this point, to which 
the reader may be referred in regard to 
those matters. The history of the settle- 
ment has been dealt with fully elsewhere.! 
Here I shall now briefly consider the 


1George T. Flom: A History of Norwegian Im- 
migration to America down to 1848, published in 1909. 
See especially chapters XVIII-XX and XXVIII-XXX, 
and XXXVI-XXXVIL. 


* AMERICAN SPEECH 


phonology of our word-list; but I can take 
the space for only some of the more in- 
teresting things. 

An unstressed initial vowel is lost: 
forda ‘‘to afford,’’ gria ‘‘to agree,” 
griment “‘agreement,’’ kaunt ‘‘account,”’ 
kaunta ‘‘to account,’’ kamedéta ‘“‘to ac- 
commodate,’’ kamedétiy ‘‘accommodat- 
ing,’’ kerdin‘‘accordeon,”’ laua‘‘toallow,”’ 
as on an article given in exchange 
for a new, Jauens ‘‘allowance,’’ Jlekta 
‘to elect,’’ Jlekfon ‘‘election,”’ Jlarm 
“‘alarm,’’ maunta ‘‘to amount,’ mend- 
mont ‘‘amendment,’’ pointa ‘‘to appoint,”’ 
rittmetik “‘arithmetic,”’ sessa “‘to assess,”’ 
sessar ‘‘assessor,’’ simbli ‘‘assembly,”’ 
skver “‘esquite,’’ sorta ‘‘to assort,’’ and 
tenfon ‘‘attention,’’ “‘tension.’’ The dis- 
syllabic noun efekt ‘‘effect’’ is an excep- 
tion, as also the word aperéfon (apréfen) 
“‘operation.’’ It may be noted that the 
verb is pronounced both aperé’ta and 
a'pertta ‘‘to  operate.”’ The word 
edzukéfan ‘‘education’’ also keeps the e-; 
here the consonantal sound dz that would 
result is hardly an admissible one ini- 
tially in the dialect, and furthermore the 
verb edzuké’ta ‘‘to educate,’’ also pro- 
nounced e’dzukéta, and the past participle 
edzuké'ta ‘‘educated,’’ would operate to 
preserve the initial vowel in the noun. 

The vowel in an unstressed initial 
syllable is suppressed: spraisa “‘to sur- 
prise,’’ spraisparti ‘‘surprise party,"’ sporta 
““‘support,’’ stiffiket ‘‘certificate,’’ and in 
the name Bigit ‘‘Beloit.’’ In stiffiket from 
“‘certificate,’” the intermediate stage is, 
of course, satiffiket. In dzogrefi geo (d3io) 
““geography’’ has become dzg. 

The vowel in an unstressed medial 
syllable is suppressed: bzfflo ‘‘buffalo 
tobe,” fektri ‘‘factory,’’ kalko ‘‘calico,"’ 
lakris “‘licorice,’’ apréta ‘‘to operate,”’ 
apréfen “‘‘operation,’’ probifen ‘‘prohibi- 
tion,’’ and sépraitar ‘‘separator.”’ 

Other loss of vowel sound: kalgforni 


LOANWORDS IN AMERICAN NORWEGIAN 


“California’’ and miskitbar ‘‘mosquito 
bar.” 

There are contractions in other words, 
but these belong to the local pronuncia- 
tion, or standard speech, as karmgl ‘‘cara- 
mel,’’ painri ‘‘pinery,’’ and fivert’a ‘‘to 
charivari.”’ - 

There is loss of a consonant in the fol- 
lowing words: baun ti ‘‘bound to,” 
blains ‘‘blind, shutter,’’ dogkar ‘‘indif- 
ferent, reckless, don’t care,’’ fél ‘‘field,’’ 
fengmjlda ‘‘faning mill,’’ gemla ‘‘gamble,”’ 
guvenér “‘governor,’’ kerna ‘‘corner,”’ paler 
“parlor,’’ potret “portrait, photograph,”’ 
patikkela ‘‘particular,’’ and the name Kem- 
ris “‘Cambridge.’’ In the words blekbor 
““‘blackboard,”’ defbor ‘‘dashboard,’’ and 
réffbor ‘‘toofboard,’’ the element -bor is 
not the English word “‘board’’ but the 
Norwegian bord (pronounced bér). In the 
word infurig ‘“‘insurance’’ the syllable 
-ance of the English ‘‘insurance’’ has been 
changed to -iy, under the influence of the 
large number of nouns in -y in the dia- 
lects. The sound combination ns is rather 
rare in the dialects; the pronunciation 
infurans may now and then be heard. As 
the list shows, the English sufhx -ing 
maintains itself well, and naturally would, 
for it is just as characteristic an end- 
syllable in Norwegian; however, in one 
word -ing has become -¢, namely in 
fengmylda ‘‘faning mill.’’ Possibly the 
first element in spirekrakk, ‘‘spearing-horse, 
in which the lath is held as the plants 
are being strung on,’’ is to be regarded as 
from ‘‘spearing.”’ The 4 of hus, as the 
second element of compounds, tends to 
disappear: brikkus “‘brick house,’’ frémus 
“frame house,”’ purus ‘‘poor-house,’’ varus 
“‘warehouse.”’ It is sufficient to call 
attention to frétrén ‘‘freight train;’’ the 
pronunciation frétrén is also, of course, 
the English pronunciation, except where 
especially emphasized. The pronuncia- 
tion in many other words (giyom ‘“‘ging- 


° oe + 


(; ti os 


543 
ham,"’ Ayppaltri ‘‘whiffle-tree,’’ ellavétar 
“elevator,’’ konsomfon ‘‘consumption,”’ 


etc.) has its basis in the English pro- 
nunciation. 

An inorganic consonant appears in the 
following words: hikril “‘hickory,’’ dyp- 
pert ‘‘dipper,’’ gofart ‘‘gopher,’’ ZJpiorr 
“‘lawyer,’’ rypert ‘‘reaper,”’ brand ‘‘bran,”’ 
and sirk’l ‘‘sickle.”’ 

Connecting vowels appear where there 
is none in the English word: Norwegian 
speech rhythm does not readily adapt 
itself to such a compound as ‘“‘fence 
stretcher’’ Cfenstretfer), so the dialects 
changed this word to fensestretfar. Only 
apparently so in “‘shoolma’am”’ to skule- 
mamma, in which the first element is the 
Norwegian word skole ‘‘school,’’ dialec- 
tal and Landsmaal skule; the second 
element also here is Norwegian, so that 
we have in this case one of the rare 
translation words. The added connecting 
vowel also appears in skoykahol *‘skunk- 
hole.”’ 

wh becomes 4 in hyjppa ‘‘whip’’ and 
hippltr2 *‘whiffle-tree,’’ but becomes »v 
in veski ‘‘whiskey.”’ 

rs becomes ss in hosspaur 
power.” 

th becomes ¢ in Jatt ‘‘lath,’’ and timoti 
‘‘timothy,’’ with shortening of the vowel 
and lengthening of the ¢ in the former. 

Final tf of an English word becomes s 
in: rins ‘‘wrench,’’ but this is also pro- 
nounced rintf. In the more recent loan 
lontf “‘lunch”’ the ¢f is kept. 

Final dz of an English word becomes 
s in launs, from “‘lounge,’’ and in the 
name Kemris ‘‘Cambridge.”’ 

In the word salarides ‘‘saleratus’’ the 
combination étas of the English word 
“‘salaratus’’ has become Zdes. Inthe word 
sigga (also sikka) ‘‘to sick,’’ we probably 
do not have a case of the voicing of k 
to g; rather the English ‘‘to sick’’ is 
borrowed as sikka, while the English 


*‘horse- 


» 


544 


sickem, which is usually sighem, siggem 
or sig'm is borrowed as sigga. 

Short consonants are lengthened in: 
bill ‘‘bill,’’ blakk ‘‘block, square,’’ blakka 
“to block,"’ bloff ‘‘bluff, precipitous rise 
in the ground,’’ bogg ‘“‘bug,’’ bgkk’l 
‘buckle,’ dgkket ‘‘bucket,’’ dokkfinn 
*“‘buckskin,’’ brikk ‘‘brick,’’ dakka “‘to 
dock, dock off,’’ digga ‘‘to-dig,’’ dim- 
mokrat ‘‘democrat,’’ ellavé’tar ‘‘elevator,”’ 
figgra “‘to figure,”’ gitta ‘‘to get,’ gomm 
‘gum,’ gripp ‘‘Cla) grippe,’’ hérria ‘‘to 
hurry,”’ jabb “‘job,”’ jigg ‘‘jig,’’ katta 
“to cut, only used in regard to the cut- 
ting of crops, as corn, tobacco, etc.,”’ 
krapp ‘“‘crop,’’ krekka ‘“‘to crack,’’ lakket 
‘‘locket,’’ lemmen ‘‘lemon,’’ — likker 
“‘liquor,’’ mabb ‘‘mob,’’ mapp ‘“‘mop,”’ 
nigea “‘to nig (cheat in cards),’’ mikkel 
“nickel (the material),’’ pekk “‘peck 
(measurement),’’ pekka ‘‘to pack,’’ pikka 
“to pick,’’ pinn “‘pin,’’ plattform ‘‘plat- 
form,’’ press'nt “‘present,’’ pressa ‘‘to 
press,’’ palli ‘‘pulley,’’ patta “‘to put,” 
robba ‘“‘to rub,"’ reff “‘rough,’’ rpffal 
“‘ruffle,’’ ronna *‘to run—used of a candi- 
date running for office,’’ sig’gar ‘cigar, 
(with change of stress),’’ spatt ‘‘spot,”’ 
tappa ‘‘to top (tobacco plants),’’ tikka 
“to tick, (of the clock’s ticking, not 
said otherwise),’’ tippa ‘“‘to tip,’’ toff 
“tough,’’ ¢ripp “‘trip, journey,’ and 
some others. In many cases English 
words spelled with double consonants, 
but pronounced with a short consonant 
have a short consonant in the loanword: 
kamedéta ‘‘to accommodate,’’ kamen ‘‘com- 
mon, ordinary,’’ mofflar ‘‘muffler,’’ gfis 
“‘office,’’ rekgmenda ‘‘to recommend.’’ In 
some English words with double con- 
sonant pronounced short the loanword 
exhibits a lengthened consonant: millet 
““millet,’’ winnis ‘‘minnow,'’ malasses 
““molasses.’’ See also above. 

Hybrid compounds are fairly numerous: 
babbslie ‘‘bob-sleigh,”’ ball’birfapp ‘*barber 


‘ AMERICAN SPEECH 


shop,’’ billbor ‘‘bill-board,’’ bisnesmann 
‘business man,’’ blekbor ‘‘blackboard,"’ 
bokkfinn ‘‘buck-skin,’’ brikkhus ‘‘brick 
house,’ frémhus ‘“‘frame house,’’ fold- 
igdyr “‘folding door,”’ daniyrum ‘‘dining 
room,’’ fa'ngmylda *‘faning mill,’’ hitfiy- 
post “hitching post,’’ hgirek “‘hay-rack,”’ 
hiskipiy ‘‘housekeeping,’’ jarrdstikka 
“‘yard-stick,’’ mo’torbaut ‘‘motor boat,’’ 
Stimbaut “‘steam-boat,’’ stgvpipa “‘stove 
pipe,’’ treffomafina ‘‘threshing machine,”’ 
pre'dihina ‘‘prairie hen,’’  spé’rekrakk 
“‘spearing-horse, in which the lath is 
held,” ba'drasam ‘‘troublesome,’’ trub- 
blasam ‘‘troublesome,”’ etc. 

The plural English form is used as the 
singular: blains ‘“‘blind, shutter,’ dais 
“dye,"’ diffis “dish, dishes,’’ fillers 
““filler,’’ fills ‘‘thill, shaft of a carriage,”’ 
kars “‘car,’’ krekors ‘‘cracker,’’ rels “‘rail,”’ 
teks “‘tack,’’ koffs ‘‘cuff.’’ This need not 
seem surprising, but on the contrary was 
a perfectly natural development. The 
objects were almost always spoken of in 
the plural; there were either two of them 
or there was a large number (fils ‘‘thills,”’ 
koffs “cuffs,’’ rels “rails,” kars “cars,” 
teks ‘‘tacks’’); in some cases the plural is 
collective, as bits ‘‘beets,’’ bins *‘bean, 
beans,’” and the dialect has the loanword 
only in the plural. The ending -s has, 
of course, no plural associations what- 
ever in the dialects in question; on the 
other hand words with final s-sound are 
of considerable frequency in our list of 
loanwords. 

I shall now give the list of loanwords. 
They are given in the form of the dialect 
of Sogn, specifically that of Aurland. 
The following matters in the notation 
are to be mentioned: g is used for the 
open 0, qualitatively the ‘‘o’’ of “‘long;”’ 
¢ tepresents a vowel between @ and ¢; 
a stands for a high ‘“‘u’’ tending toward 
close, {to'); yf ostands “Mora awideewes 
tending toward close é; y is used for the 


LOANWORDS IN AMERICAN NORWEGIAN 


dida, v., to deed. 

digga, v., to dig. 

dikri’sa, v., to decrease. 

dik§onzri, m., dictionary. 

dimokrat, m., democrat. 

dimmokrat parti, ”., Democratic Party. 

dinner, dynnor, m., dinner. 

diploma, m., diploma. 

dipo, m., depot. 

dipper, dyppor, dypport, m., dipper. 

dire’ktar, m., director. 

disk, m., desk. 

dissopgi’nta, v., disappoint. 

disi’va, v., to deceive. 

dispji’ta, v., to dispute, argue. 

di’strikt, ., district. 

dis6’rt, ., desert. 

diS§, m., dish. 

difSis, #., dish, dishes. 

donker, adj., indifferent, 
C‘don’t care’’). 

draiguds, (7) Gm), dry goods. 

dreft, m., draft, check. 

dreft, m., draft Cof air). 

dressa, vs., to dress. Dressa seg, to 
dress up; ‘‘put on style.”’ 

dressar, m., dresser, bureau. 

dressmékar, m., dress maker. 

drill, m., drill, seeder. 

drilla, v., to drill, sow with a drill. 

drogstor, v., drug-store. 

dua op, v., to do up, wrap up. 

dz{, m., dash-board. 

dzSbor, n., do. 

déstar, m., duster (the garment). 

d36d3, m., judge. 

d3dd3a, v., to judge. 

dzoréniem, -om, m., geraneum. 

dzogrofi, m., geography. 

d3gist, m., joist. 

d3iilri, ~., jewelry. Rare. 

Edzuké’ta, v., to educate. 

edzukéta, pptc pl., adj. educated. 

edzukéSon, m., education. 

efekt, m., effect. 

egri’a, gria, v., to agree. 


wreckless, 


American Speech, Vol. 1, No. 10 


547 


ekta, v., to act. 

eksaitmont, m., excitement. 

eksk6r{on, m., excursion. 

ekspress, m., express. 

e’llovétar,4 m., elevator. 
pronounced ¢éllavaitar. 

férgraund, m., fair ground. 

Fain, m., fine. 

faina, v., to fine. 

faira op, v., to fire up. 

fair krakors, m., fite cracker. 

fait, m., fight. Rarely used. 

farm, m., farm. 

farma, v., to farm. 

farmar, m., farmer. 

farmin, f., farming. 

faundra, adj., foundered (of a horse). 

faundri, #., foundry. 

faunt’n pen, m., fountain pen. 

Tele yias tela, 

feltbits, pl., felt-boots. 

fens, n., fence. 

fensa, v., to fence. 

fensestret\ar, m., fence stretcher. 

fetstemm, m., wet stem (of leaf tobacco) 

fid, m., feed. 

fida, v., to feed. 

figgra, v., to figure. 

fiks, m., fix, predicament. 

fiksa, v., to fix; to get even with, get the 
better of. 

fila, v., to feel. Itfe fila gott, not feel 
well. 

fillers, m., filler. The poorest grade of 
tobacco leaf, used as a cigar filler. 

fils, 2., thill; shaft of a carriage. 

fiskepolo, m., fish-pole. 

fitta, v., to fit. Not used much. Da 
fittat{¢ gott, it did not fit well. 

fleks, m., flax. 

flévor, m., flavor. 

florip, f., flooring. 

flenl, m., n., flannel. 

fleur, flour, m., flour. 


Have heard it 


4 Also accented on the third syllable. 


548 


foldindyr, f., folding door. 

foldinbedd, m., folding bed. 

forda, v., to afford, be financially able to. 
Used with kunna, as the English word 
is with can, as eg kantfe forda da. 

fOrk, m., fork, table-fork. In the sense 
of pitch-fork the word is also Nor- 
wegian. 

forka, v., to fork. Forka ni ti, fork Cit) 
down to. 

forsa, v., to force, compel. 

fraim, frém, m., frame (of a building). 

frémhus, frémus, ”., frame house. 

frét, m., freight. Senda me frét, send by 
freight. 

frét, m., freight train. 

fréttrén, frétrén, w., freight train. 

frisar, m., freezer, ice-cream freezer. 

front, m., front of a house. Pog front’n, 
on the front. 

fronta, v., tofront. Frgnta po, to front on, 
face. 

frost, m., frost, frost damage to crops. 
A semantic loan. Among some dialect 
speakers (other than those from Sogn), 
one may hear it pronounced frdst. 

frostin, f., frosting Con cake). 

fila, v., to fool Cone); be joking. 

filin, f., joking, banter. 

fyrti, m., forty, i.e. a forty acre piece 
of land. 

feektri, fektri, ., factory. 

faen, m., fan. 

feena, v., to fan. 

feenemylda, f., faning mill. 

fer, m., fair, exposition. 

feSon, m., fashion. 

foss, m., fuss, much ado; disturbance. 

fossa, v., to make a fuss, make a great 
ado (about anything). 

for, n., m., fur. The r is usually pro- 
nounced as the English r in this word. 

galon, m., gallon. 

galop, z., gallop. 

galoppa, v., to gallop. 

gatrd’n, m., garden. 


AMERICAN SPEECH 


gem, m., game. 

gembla, gemla, v., gamble. 

gemblar, gemlar, m., gambler. 

gemblin, f., gambling. 

gen, m., gain. 

géna, v., to gain. 

géters, gétors, m., gaiter. 

gidzp, interj., giddap. 

gitta long, v., to get along. 

gitta op, v., to get up (something), start. 

gir, m., gear. Vara i gir, be in gear. 

girin, f., gearing. 

ginom, gijom, m., gingham. 

glovs, m., coll. gloves. Rarely used. 
One says hanske. 

glu, m., glue. 

glua, v., to glue. 

gluin, f., gluing. 

gofor, gofart, m., gopher. 

gomm, f., gum. 

grend stend or grend stend, m., grand 
stand. 

gréda, v., to grade (used of grading 
tobacco leaves). 

gréps, n., coll., grapes. 

grévi, m., gravy. 

gtia, v.,toagree. See egria. 

grimont, m., agreement. 

gtipp, m., Cla) grippe. 

gro’soris, pl., groceries. 

BTIS) 04.5) 2., Tease: 

grisa, v., to grease. 

grubba, v., to grub. 

grad3zué’Jon, m., graduation. 

gradzué’ta, v., to graduate. 

gremor, m., grammar. 

gron, grén, m., grain. 

gronri, grénri, ”., granary. 

guds, pl., goods. Not much used. 

guvonyr, m., governor. 

ges, m., gas. 

gzsbill, m., gas bill. 

gesolin, m., gasoline. 

halbu§ol, ., half-bushel. 

har, adj., hard, severe, in the expression 
har pau, severe with. 


LOANWORDS IN AMERICAN NORWEGIAN 


hardpain, m., hard pine. 

hardverstor, ”., hardware store. 

harvist, m., harvest. 

harvistar, m., harvester. 

haska, v., to husk. 

haskin, f., husking. 

hélodar, m., hay loader. 

hend ‘I, m., handle. 

hendla, v., to handle. 

het{ot, het\¢et, m., hatchet. 

hikril, m., hickory. 

hikrilngt, f., hickory nut. 

hill, m., hill. Only used of the small 
“hill’’ of earth that is hoed up around 
a plant, or, especially, of such a hill 
in which a plant is to be set. 

hilla, v., to hill. 

hillar, m., hilling machine. 

hillin, f., hilling. 

hit§a, v., hitch. 

hit\instrep, m., hitching strap. 

hitfinpgst, m., hitching post. 

hoa, v., to hoe. 

hogar, m., hoeing machine, team hoer. 

hobb, m., hub. 

hoirek, m., hay-rack. 

hol, m., hallway, hall (building). 

holtor, m., halter. 

hombggg, m., n., humbug. 

homstedd land, z., homestead land. 

honta, v., to hunt. 

hontar, m., hunter. 

hontin, f., hunting. 

hyppa, f., whip. 

hosspaur, m., horse-power. 

hiskipin, f., housekeeping. 

hyppoltri, ”., whiffle-tree. 

hem, m., ham. 

hemok, m., hammock. 

hendbeg, m., hand bag. 

hendkars, hendkars, m., hand-car. 

he, m., hash. 

horri, m., hurry. 

horria, v., to hurry. 

horta, v., to hurt. 

Impruva, v., to improve. 


549 


impruvmont, m., improvement. 

indzaina, injaina, f., engine. 

indzinyr, injinyr, m., engineer. 

inlista, v., to enlist. 

insista pao, v., to insist on. 

insglta, v., to insult. Bli insolta, take 
offense. ; 

infura, v., to insure. 

in§urin, f., insurance. 

intorvju, m., interview. 

invaita, v., to invite. 

isbaks,® m., ice-box. 

isi, adj., easy. 

ivon, adj., even. 

ivnat, m., evener. 

Jabb, m., job. 

failper.. jails 

jarrd, m., yard. 

jarrd, ~., yard GQneasurement). 

jarrdstikka, f., yard-stick. 

jekkot, m., jacket. 

jelli, ., jelly. 

jessOr, adv., yes sir. 

jigg, m., jig 

jigga, v., to jig. 

jist, m., yeast. 

jukor, m., euchre. 

juri, m., jury. 

jurimann, m., juryman. 

Kadfisk, m., cod-fish. 

kaled3, m., college. 

kalko, m., calico. 

ka’medéta, v., to accommodate. 

ka’medétin, adj., accommodating. 

kamen, kamon, adj., common, ordinary. 

karmel, -ol, ., caramel. 

karpet, karpot, m., carpet. 

kars, m., Car. 

kat’n, katt’n, m., cotton. 

katta, v., to cut. Only used in regard to 
the cutting of crops, as corn, tobacco, 
etc: 

kattar, m., cutter, cutting-knife, e.g., 
for cutting tobacco plants. 
5 The i is a half-diphthong, hence ‘isbaks (Norw. 

#s + Eng. ‘box’). 


Also jess6ri. 


“Diy 


kattar, m., cutter (the vehicle). 

katvGrm, katw6rm, m., cut-worm. 

kaunt, m., account. Sometimes ekaunt. 

kauntar, m., counter (desk). 

kaunti, m., county. 

kauntiklérk, m., county clerk. 

kauketSar, m., cow catcher (of railway 
engine). 

kaut§, m., couch. 

kék, m., cake. 

kemp, kémp, m., camp. Usually kamp. 

kempa, (kempa), v., to camp. 

kempin, f., camping. 

kempstul, (ka@mpstul), m., camp-stool. 

kempinautfit, m., camping outfit. 

kendi, m., candy. 

kenvessa, kzenvessa, v., to Cafivass. 

ket\a.. mento Catch: 

ketSar, m., catcher. 

kinlin, f., m., kinling. 

kipa hus, v., to keep house. 

kjiira, v., to cure (used of tobacco). 

klaun, m., clown. 

klaset, klasot, m., closet. 

klém, m., claim. 

kléna, klina, v., to clean. Used in the 
ordinary sense, and also in reference to 
a plow ‘‘cleaning.’’ Han kline gott, 
“it cleans well’’; the soil turns over 
nicely from the plow leaving the plow- 
Slatemecioatl sa 

kléma, v., to claim. 

klir, adj., clear, usually only in the sense 
Of: Cleat aor cept: 

klira, v., to clear; meet an obligation; 
make a (certain) profit. 

klir prafit, m., clear profit. 

klok, m., cloak. 

klos, adj., stingy, ‘‘close.”’ 

klosa, v., to close. Klosa op, close up. 

klérk, m., clerk. 

klérka, v., to clerk. 

klévis, m., clevis. 

kod’n, z., corn. 

kod’n plantar, m., corn planter. 

kodrill, m., quadrille. 


AMERICAN SPEECH 


koffs, m., cuff. 

kokos, m., caucus. 

koksa, v., to coax. 

kola Of, v., to call off the figures in a 
dance. 

kgla pao, v., to call on, visit. 

kolekta, v., to collect. 

kglek{on, m., collection. 

koltor, m., coulter. 

koltovéta, v., to cultivate (as the rows 
of a tobacco or corn-field). 

kgltovétar, koltivét, m., cultivator. 

kglvort, m., culvert. 

komit’ti, m., committee. Ordinarily the 
Norwegian word komite’ is used. 

komma ut, v., come out, fare,do. Komma 
ut bihaind, come out behind. 

komplament, m., compliment. 

kondoktar, m., conductor. 

kongress, m., congress. 

kongressmann, m., congress man. 

konsert, konsort, kons6rt, m., concert. 

kgnsom{on, #., consumption. 

kgntri, ”., country Gin contradistinction 
to city). Ure i kgntrie, out in the 
country. 

konvenSon, kunvenSoan, 7., convention. 

kopla, v., to couple, join together, as 
parts of an implement. 

k6rd, m., cord (of wood). 

kordin, 2., accordeon. 

kOrdvé, -vi, m., cord-wood. 

k6rna, 2., corner. 

kOrnis, m., cornice. 

kornstart§, m., corn starch. 

korset, ”., corset. 

kGsa, v., to cause. Chiefly only in the 
expression, kgsa trabb'l, to cause trouble. 

kgstord, m., custard. 

kgstardpai,® m., custard pie. 

kot, ., coat. 

kotip, f., coating (as of paint). 

kovor, kovo6r, u., cover. 

kovra, v., to cover. 


§ The ai of —pai is a long diphthong. 


LOANWORDS IN AMERICAN NORWEGIAN 


kovrin, f., covering. Mostly said of the 
covering on the tobacco beds. 

krapp, m., crop. 

kraud, m., crowd. 

krauda, v., to crowd. 

kraudin, f., crowding. 

krekka, kraekka, v., to crack. 

kridd’l, m., cradle, hand-cradle for cut- 
ting grain. The implement has long 
since gone out of use. 

kriddla, v., to cradle, use the hand-cradle. 

krikk, m., creek. 

krimeri, #., creamery. 

krobar, m., crow-bar. 

krakors, m., cracker. 

krosin, f., m., crossing. 

krossrod, m., cross-road. 

kukombor, kjukgmbor, m., cucumber. 

kumponi, kump6ni, 2., company. 
Mainly in the expression kipa kumponi 
me. 

kelkoléta, v., to calculate. Also pro- 
nounced kekgléta. 

kvilt, m., quilt. 

kvilta, v., to quilt. 

kee§, m., cash. 

kzeSa, v., to cash. 

kz§ kaunt, m., cash account. 

k6r’nts,’ p/., currents. 

korv, m., curve. 

Laibreri, m., library. 

laik, m., lake. In proper names, how- 
ever, the form /ek is used, as Lék 
Kaskglay, or Lek Kaskgland, Lake Kosh- 
konong. 

laim, m., lime. 

laisn, m., license. 

laitninrad, m., lightning rod. 

lakket, m., locket. 

lakris, m., licorice. 

larm, m., alarm. 

larma, v., to be noisy. 

latt, m., lath. 

laua, v., to allow, as on an article given 
in exchange for a new. 


7 Two syllables, but hardly korants. 


55% 


lauons, m., allowance. 

launs, Claunt§), m., lounge. 

lédi, f., lady, fine lady. 

lédilaik, adj., ladylike. 

ledpensl, m., lead pencil. 

lek§on, m., election. 

lek{onira, v., to electioneer. 

lektSor, m., n., lecture. 

lekta, v., to elect. 

lemmen, lemmon, m., lemon. 

lemmenéd, lemmonéd, m., lemonade. 

lés, n., (.), lace. 

lésa, v., to lace. 

ligislatur, m., legislature. 

likker, m., liquor. 

livri, m., livery. 

livribarn, m., livery-barn. 

livrihest, m., livery horse. 

léda, v., to load. 

lof, 2., loaf. 

lofa, v., to load. 

lofar, m., loafer. 

logg, m., log. 

loior, lgiart, m., lawyer. 

lokost, m., locust. The wordwasalways 
pronounced Jukkas by one from Hede- 
marken. 

loké{on, m., location. 

loké’ta, v., to locate. 

lokomo’tiv, 2., locomotive. 

lon, f., m., lawn. 

I6ndri, #., laundry; washing Cif to be 
sent to, or has come from the laundry). 

lonmoar, m., lawn mower. 

Ignt§, #., lunch. 

lont§, m., launch. 

losut, m., lawsuit. 

lumbor, #., lumber. 

lumborjard, m., lumberyard. 

Mabb, m., mob. 

maind, m., mind. Used about only in 
the expression méka op maind'n sin. 

malaria, m., malaria. 

malasses, -os, m., molasses. 

mapp, #., mop. 

maskera’do, m., maskerade. 

maunta ti, v., amount to. 


Dyes 


mék, m., make. Dialect speakers from 
Eastern Norway would say mak (not 
those from Telemarken and Numedal). 

méka, v., to make. Rare. Chiefly in 
mtka paiy, make money. 

mél, m., mail. 

méla, v., to mail. 

mélbaks, m., mail-box. 

mélmann, m., mail man. 

mendment, mendmont, m., amendment. 

mép’l, m., maple. 

midlip, f., midlings. 

miksa, v., to mix. 

min, adj., mean, disagreeable. 

millet, m., millet. 

minnis, m., minnow. The plural was 
pronounced minnies in the local speech 
also. 

miskit, m., mosquito. Miskit was also 
the regular local pronunciation. 

miskitbar, ”., mosquito bar. 

misté’k, m., mistake. 

misték’on, mi’staken, adj., mistaken. 

mjul, m., mule. 

moa, v., to mow. 

moar, m., mower. 

mofflor, m., muffler. 

moldin, f., molding. 

mogniordor, m., money order. 

monkirins, #., monkey wrench. Among 
the younger more often monkirintf. 

morgid3, morgitS, m., mortgage. 

morgid3a, morgit{a, v., to mortgage. 

mortor, m., mortar. 

mgstord, m., mustard. 

mofon, m., motion. 

motorbaut, m., motor boat. 

mott’n, m., mutton. 

mzfa, v., to court, to ‘“‘mash’’ (vul- 
garism). 

map, m., map. 

Nakka au, v., to knock off, deduct. 

namené’fon, m., nomination. 

na’menéta, v., to nominate. 

natmeg, natmig, m., nutmeg. 

nekjog, nekjok, »., neck-yoke. 

nektai, m., necktie. 


AMERICAN SPEECH 


nigga, v., to nig (cheat in cards). 

nikkel, m., nickel (the material). 

nikkel, m., nickel (the coin). Usually 
fem sent, however. 

nit, adj., neat. 

nossOr, adv., no sir! Also nossort. 

not, f., note, bank-note. 

no kaunt, adj., of no account. 

notofaia, v., to notify. 

notis, m., notice. 

notisa, v., to notice. 

nykgmmar, m., newcomer. 

nors, f., nurse. The 6 is short. 

Ofis, m., office. 

Oistors, m., Oister. 

ordor, ord6r, m., order. 

ordra, ordra, v., to order. 

orkestra, m., orchestra. 

otmél, otmil, m., 2., oatmeal. 

Qgvon, Qv6n, ov’n, m., oven. 

ovargl, f., m., overall. 

Pai, m., pie. The aé is not pronounced 
like the usual Norwegian ai, but with 
a long a followed by a short #, as in 
the name Mai (the month) in the Sogn 
and Telemarken dialects. Hence, 
about as the English word ‘‘pie,’’ 
but with a slightly longer a. 

paik, m., pike. 

pail, m., pail. Among the people from 
Telemarken it is pronounced pes, and 
among those from Numedal also in 
the main; but pronounced pel by one 
man from Hedemarken. 

paila, v., to pile. 

painri, ”., pinery. 

paint, m., pint. 

paioné’r, -ni’r, m., pioneer. 

paioné’ra, -ni’ra, v., to pioneer. 

pai plent, pie-plant. Used in the com- 
pounds pieplantpai and paiplantsas. 

paiplét, m., pie plate. 

paket, m., pocket. Not used of the 
pocket of a garment (for which lomma, 
lomme, would be used), but of the 
pocket in a machine, as the oil-pocket. 

paler, palor, m., 2., parlor. 


See haunt. 


LOANWORDS IN AMERICAN NORWEGIAN 


pappkodn, n., pop-corn. 

park, m., park. 

parti, #., party. 

partnar, m., partner. 

partnarskap, n., partnership. 

paster, pastor, ”., pasture. 

pastra, »., to pasture. 

pedla, »., to peddle. 

pedlar, m., peddler. 

pedlin, f., pedling. 

pekk, m., peck (measurement). 

pekka, »., to pack. 

penholdar, penoldar, m., pen-holder. 

penn, m., pen, cattle-yard. 

penni, m., penny. 

pensl, pensal, m., pencil. 

piggadn, pigadn, the usual call to the 
pigs at feeding time. 

piano, piana, f., m., piano. 

pikka op, v., to pick up. 

pikka, pau, v., to pick on, pester. 

piknik, m., picnic. 

pills, m., pill. 

potikkelo, adj., particular. 

potifon, m., petition. 

pikril, m., pickerel. 

pikstol, m., pistol. 

pinn, m., pin. 

pinku§on, m., pin cushion. 

pir, m., pier. 

pist’n, m., piston. 

pist’nrad, m., piston rod. 

pitmen, m., pitman (of a mower). 

pitS, m., peach. 

pit\a, #., to pitch. 

pit§ar, m., pitcher (one who pitches). 

pitfor, #., picture. 

pit§or, #., m., pitcher (the utensil). 

pitSfork, m., pitch-fork. 

pjur, adj., pure. Not much used. 

plattform, f., platform. 

ple, m., play. 

pléa, #., to play. 

plén, a4j., plain. 

plenta, f., plant. Very rare. 

plenti, adj., plenty. 


553 


pless’nt, adj., pleasant. 

plét, m., plate. 

pléta, adj., plated. 

pli, m., plea. 

plida, v., to plead. 

plisa, v., to please. 

plommar, m., plumber. 

plugtobbak, m., plug tobacco. 

plen, m., plan. 

plo§§, m., 2., plush. 

pgint, m., point. 

pginta, v., to point. 

pQinta, v., to appoint. 

pQintar, m., pointer. 

pgisn, m., poison. 

pgisna, v., to poison. 

polait’, adj., polite. 

polo, m., pole. 

poltaks, -teks, m., pole-tax. 

pokor, m., poker. 

pokor, m., poker (the utensil). Now and 
then pronounced pokar. 

poni, m., pony. 

ponki, panki, m., pumpkin. 

portS, m., porch. 

postofis, m., post-office. 

potret, ”., portrait, photograph. 

prafit, m., profit. 

praia, op, v., to pry up. 

press’nt, m., present. 

pressa, v., to press. 

printa, v., to print. 

probi’§on, prosbi’Son, m., prohibition. 

protek{on, m., protection. 

prif, 2., Gm.), proof. 

pruva, v., to prove. 

predi, preri, m., prairie. 

predihGna, preri-, f., prairie hen. 

pudi, adv., quite, rather. 

puddin, m., pudding. 

pulis’, m., police. 

pulis’mann, m., policeman. 

pull, m., pull. 

pulli, m., pulley. 

pirhus, purus, ~., poor-house. 

putta, v., to put. 


554 


putta op me, v., to put up with. 

porfjim, m., perfume. 

port§, m., perch. 

rabba, v., to rob. 

ra’beri, raberi’ ”., robbery. 

rad, m., tod. 

raid, m., ride. Rare. 

raitindesk, m., writing-desk. 

reddi§, m., radish. Also pronounced 
radis. 

regnkot, m., raincoat. 

rekord, m., record. 

rekomenda, v., to recommend. 

rekogmendéSan, m., recommendation. 

rélin, f., railing. 

rélrod, rillrod, m., railroad. 

rels, #., tail: 

relsefens, n., rail fence. 

ICS, (i., face: 

résa, v., to raise. 
résa fedd'n imoro. 

reska, v., to risk. 

resta, v., to arrest. 

res’torant, restrant, m., restaurant. 

réstrekk, m., race-track. 

ribbon, m., ribbon. 

ridar, m., reader (the book). 

ridzek’ta, v., to reject. 

rifju’sa, v., to refuse. 

ridgistréra, -ira, v., to register. 

ril, m., reel. 

rilestét, m., real estate. 

rins, rint§, m., wrench. 

ripa, v., to reap. 

riper, riper, rypor, ryport, m., reaper. 
May also be heard in the form rjpar. 

ripi’ta, v., to repeat. 

ripoblikanar, m., republican. 

Ripgblikon Parti, Republican Party. 

riportar, m., reporter. 

riplaia, v., toreply. Rare. 

risevgir, m., reservoir. 

risk, resk, m., risk. 

risit, m., receipt. 

risiva, v., to receive. Rare. 

ris'’nebl, adj., reasonable. 


Résa litt paig, Mi ska 


AMERICAN SPEECH 


risgl’ta, v., to result. Rare. 

rit{on, m., def., reach. 

ritmetik, m., arithmetic. 

rivolvar, m., revolver. 

rob, m., robe. 

robba, v., to rub. 

robber, m., rubber (the material). 

robbors, m., rubber. 

rod, m., road. 

rOdkart, m., road-cart. 

roff, adj., rough. 

roffal, roff’l, m., ruffle (on garment). 

rofin, m., roughian. 

ronna, v., to run. Used of a candidate 
running for office. 

ronna né (ni), v., to run down, defame. 

ryvor, ryvor, m., river. 

ruffbor, n., roof-board. 

rular, m., ruler, measuring stick. 

rek, m., rack (tobacco-rack, hay-rack). 

repper, m., wrapper (the best grade of 
tobacco leaf. 

ret’Isnék, m., rattlesnake. 

retla, v., to rattle, bring out of com- 
posure. 

Sabaté’r, sabati’r, m., Sabbaterian. 

sad, m., sod. 

saida, v., to side, put siding on a house. 

saida me, v., to side with, take someone's 
part. 

saidin, f., siding. 

said{6, m., side show. 

saidvok, m., side walk. 

saiklon, m., cyclone. 

sain, ., sign. 

Saina, v., to sign. 

Sainar, m., signer. 

sakket, m., socket. 

salari’des, m., saleratus. 

salon’, m., saloon. 

saisa, v., to size. Used of the sizing of 
the tobacco leaves during assorting. 

Sas, m., sauce. 

sasdif§, m., sauce-dish. 

sek{on, m., section (of land). 

selebréSon, m., celebration. 


LOANWORDS IN AMERICAN NORWEGIAN 


senda au, #., to send off. 

selebréta, v., to celebrate. 

sent, m., cent. 

sentortébl, m., center table. 

sement, siment, m., cement. 

seporétar, m., sOporaitar, sOpraitar, m., 
separator. 

sessment, sessment, m., assessment. 

sessa, v., to assess. 

sessar, m., assessor. 

set§’l, m., satchel. 

settla, v., to settle (as an account). 

settla, v., to settle, locate. 

settlar, m., settler. 

settlame’nt, setlame’nt, ”., settlement. 

settl’ment, 2., settlement, adjustment. 

sove’ar, m., surveyor. 

s€va, v., to save. 

sid, ., seed. 

sida, v., to seed. 

sidar, m., seeder. 

sigga, sikka, v., to sick. 

sikjuroti, m., security. 

sikk’1, sirkel, m., sickel. 

sikreti’r, m., secretary. 

siga’r, sig’gar, m., Cigar. 

sigga’rholdor, m., cigar holder. 

silin, f., ceiling. 

simbli, m., assembly. 

simblimann, m., assemblyman. 

sink, m., sink. 

sirop, m., sirup, table sirup. 

sistern, m., cistern. 

sit, m., seat. 

sittinrum, #., sitting room. 

skentlin, m., scantling. 

skéta, v., to skate. 

skéts, m., pl., skates. 

skim, m., scheme. 

skima, »., to scheme. 

skimar, m., schemer. 

skimma, v., to skim (milk). 

skippa, v., to skip, escape, abscond. 

skonk, m., skunk. 

skonka, v., to ‘‘skunk’’ (one), shut one 
out in a game. 


555 


skonkahgl, n., skunk-hole. 

skrép, m., scrape, fix, predicament. 

skrépa, v., to scrape. 

skrépor, m., scraper (the implement). 

skrin, skrins, ”., screen. In skrins the 
is only half long. 

skridraivar, m., screw-driver. 

skilomamma, f., schoolma’m. 

skvzr, m., square (the tool). 

skvzr, adj., square, fair. 

skerdans, m., square dance. 

skvera seg, v., to have the marriage 
ceremony performed by the justice. 

slaida, v., to slide. 

slippa, v., to slip. 

slippers, m., slipper. 

slua, f., slough, marsh. 

smarrt, adj., smart, clever. 

smaugron, #., smallgrain. 

snap, m., snap, an easy thing. 

soda, m., soda. 

sodavatt’n, 2., soda water. 

sofa, m., sofa. 

sQpper, m., supper. 

sorgum, m., sorghum. 

sorta, v., to assort (tobacco). 

sosai¢ti, m., society, club. 

so§ob’l, adj., sociable, pleasant. 

spaik, m., spike. 

Spatt, m., spot. 

spatta, v., to spot. 

spatt¢to, adj., spotted. 

spika, v., to ‘‘speak,’’ deliver a declama- 
tion. 

spikar, m., speaker. 

spir, ., speer (fishing speer, tobacco 
speer). 

spira, v., to speer, string tobacco plants 
on the lath. 

spit§, m., speech. 

spirekrakk, m., spearing-horse, in which 
the lath is held as the plants are being 
strung on. 

splaisa, v., to splice. 

splitta, v., to split. 

spgila, v., to spoil. 


556 AMERICAN SPEECH 


spopk, m., n., spunk. stzb’l, m., stable. 
sponki, adj., spunky. stxbla, v., to stable. 
Sptaisa, see sorpraisa. steljen, m., stallion. 
sporta, v., support. stzend, (stend), m., stand. 
spri, #., spree. sit, m., suit (of clothes); (suit at law). 
sprip, m., spring. siita, v., to suit. 
sprij, m., spring (well). svindla, v., to swindle. 
spripsit, m., spring-seat. solki, m., sulky. 
sprinkla, v., to sprinkle. sOkra, v., to break the suckers off the 
sprinklar, m., sprinkler. tobacco plant. 
stail, m., style. sylindor, m., cylinder. 
staili§, adj., stylish. sOpraitar. See seporétar. 
start, m., start. ; sOrkolér, m., circular. 
starta, v., to start. sOrkis, m., circus. 
stoddin, f., m., studding. sOrkitkort, ., circuit court. 
stemp, stemp, m., stamp. sOrprai’s, m., surprise. 
stiffenin, f., stiffening. sOrprai’sa, sptaisa, v., to surprise. 
stim, m., steam. sOrprais’parti, spraisparti, m., surprise 
stifikét, m., certificate. party. 
stima, v., to steam. §akk, m., shock (of grain). 
stikkendi, m., stick candy. Also stikk Santi, n, shanty. 
kendi. §app, 2., shop. 
stimar, m., steamer. fed, m., shed. 
stimbaut, m., steam-boat. §ém, interg., shame! 
stodd, m., stud, studhorse. Sereff, #., sheriff. 
stir, stér, m., steer. {éva, v., to shave. Rare. 
stoppa jau, v., stop at the house of. fing’l, m., shingle. 
stor, m., store. §ivoria, »., to charivari (locally pro- 
storkipar, m., store keeper. nounced fiveri. 
StQV, m., stove. §oa of, v., to show off. 
stQvi, stoVv vi, m., stove wood. Suggorkén, m., sugar cane. 
stovpipa, f., stove pipe. Sar, adv., surely. 
straik, m., strike. §ippa, v., to ship. 
straika, v., to strike. far, m., share. 


strét, adj., straight, but mostly only in 6tta, v., to shut. 
the transferred sense of honest, proper Taipraitar, m., typewriter. 


in conduct. tait, m., tire. 

strijya, v., to string (tobacco). tait, adj., tight. 

strippa, v., to strip (tobacco plants). tait’l, m., title. 

strippohus, ., stripping house, for to- tappa, v., to top (tobacco plants). 
bacco. taul, ”., towel. 

strit, m., street. taun, #., town, township. 

stritkars, m., street car. - taunfipp, 2., do. 

stritkarkondgktar, m., street car conduc- tavan, m., tavern, inn. 
tor. téb’l, m., table. The word is used only 


stip, m., stoop, porch. of the tables on which the tobacco 


LOANWORDS IN AMERICAN NORWEGIAN 


leaves are being assorted. The man 
from Hedemarken pronounced it tab’l. 

teks, m., tack. 

tém, #., team. 

temporns, m., temperance. 

tenda, v., to tend, attend to. 

ten{on, m., attention. 

ten§on, m., tension. 

teref, tzref, m., tariff. 

test, m., test. 

testefaia, v., to testify. 

testimoni, m., n., testimony. 

tikkit, m., ticket. 

tikka, v., to tick Cof the clock’s ticking, 
not said otherwise). The Norwegian 
word tikka is not used in this way. 

timoti, m., timothy. 

tippa, v., to tip. 

tipsi, adj., tipsy, slightly intoxicated. 

tilegram, m., telegram. 

tilefon, m., telephone. 

tilegrafpolo, m., telegraph pole. 

tilefona, v., to telephone. 

tisa, v., to tease. 

tit\a, v., to teach. 

tit\ar, m., teacher. 

tobb, m., tub. 

tobbakbaks, m., tobacco box. Only used 
of the large cases, holding 300 Ibs., in 
which the tobacco is cased. 

toff, adj., tough. 

tong, f., tongue (of wagon). 

togg, m., tug. 

tométo, m., tomato. The plural is to- 
metas, and this may also now and then 
be heard as the singular form. 

tost, m., toast, toasted bread. 

tosta, v., to toast (bread). 

traiel, m., trial (at court). 

travla, v., to travel. 

tréd, m., trade, business. 

tréda, v., to trade. 

tremp, (tremp), m., tramp. 

trempa, v., to tramp. 

trén n., train, railway train. 

tréna, v., to train. 


eg 


trénin, f., training. 

tre{fa, v., to thresh. 

tre\foror, m., treasurer. 

tre{fomafina, f., threshing machine. 

trikk, n., m., trick. 

trikki, adj., tricky. 

trimma, v., to trim. 

trimmip, f., trimming. 

tripp, m., trip, journey. 

trippa, v., to trip, stumble. 

frity me tical: 

trita;-¢.,/ to; treat, 

tritin, f., treating. 

troks, f., truck. 

trola, v., to troll (at fishing). 

tronk, m., trunk. 

trubb/‘1, 2., m., trouble. 

trubbla, v., to trouble. 

trubblasam, adj., troublesome. 

trep, m., trap. 

tu bed, adv., too bad. 

tills, tuls, 7., tool. 

tuna Op, v., to tune up. 

tenk, m., tank. 

tacks, m., tax. 

torkis, m., turkey. 

torm, m., term. 

tornifs, m., turnip. 

torna, v., to turn. 

torna ut, v., to turn out. 

totfa, tot{s, v., to touch. 

t{audor, m., chowder, soup of fish and 
vegetables. 

t\ekk, m., check. 

t{éndj, m., change (money). 

t{ens, m., chance. 

tfess, m., chess. 

t{6rs, m., chores. 

t{insbogg, m., chinchbug. 

tfissl, m., chisel. 

Utoau, prep., out of (a thing). 

Vera uto au, be out of. 

vair, m., wire. 

vaitfisk, m., white-fish. 

va’Intir, m., volunteer. 

valnti’ra, v., to volunteer. 


558 


va’tnis, m., varnish. 

va'rnissa, ¥., to varnish. 

vasketobb, m., washtub. 

vat\a, v., to watch. 

vell au, adj., well off. 

venteléta, v., to ventilate (as the tobacco 
shed). 

ventelétar, m., ventilator. 

vest, ., vest. 

véta pao, v., to wait on. 

vil, m., veal. 

vindmylda, f., wind-mill. 

visit, m., visit. 

vi/sita, v., to visit. 

viski, m., whiskey. 

vot, #., vote. 

vota, v., to vote. 

votin, f., voting. 

velju, m., value. Not used much. 

valv. m., valve. 

verhus, verus, 2., warehouse. 

vorri, wOrri, m., worty. 

vorria, wOftia, v., worry. 

Ebstrekt, m., abstract of title. 

ada, v., to add. 

zedi§’on, m., addition. 

sedvortai’sa, v., to advertise. 

zenti, f., aunt. 

Ordja, y., to urge. Not much used. 


I shall add a few words about the pro- 
nunciation of proper names. The name 
“Utica’’ is always pronounced with the 
initial « as in English, hence Jutika. 
“Stoughton’’ is pronounced Svdt’n by 
people from Sogn, and usually also by 
settlers from other parts, except those 
from Telemarken who say Szgt’'n. “‘Cam- 
bridge’’ is pronounced Kemris, ““Edger- 


AMERICAN SPEECH 


ton’’ Edzert’n, but among old people 
from Sogn sometimes Aidgert’n. “‘Janes- 
ville’’ becomes Jensvil,§ ‘‘Beloit,’’ Blgit, 
ot Bilgit, “‘Whitewater,’’ Vaitvgter, ‘‘Mil- 
waukee,’’ Milvgki, and ‘‘Chicago,’’ Sékago. 
“Door Creek’’ is often pronounced Dorr 
Krikk, sometimes Dor Krikk, ‘‘Sun Prairie’ 
becomes San Pradi, and the region itself 
came to be called, not ‘‘Kaskenan,’’ as 
one might have expected, but Kaskeland, 
in which an unfamiliar ending is given 
an ending that is very common in Nor- 
wegian names of places and regions. Of 
other village and city names I shalladd 
that ‘“‘Madison’’ is pronounced Madisn, 
‘‘Manitowoc’’ either Mantovek or Maun- 
tovok, “Saint Louis’’ is Sante Luis,® as 
“Saint Paul’ is Sante Pol (usually now 
Sent Pol), ‘‘Minneapolis’’ = Minniaplis, 
“Buffalo’’ = Buffalo (with three sylla- 
bles), Rochester = Rat/fistar, Philadelphia = 
Filadelfia, and ‘‘New York’’ always Nyork. 
As in Madisn 4 became a, so in the names 
of the states: Miffigan, Indiana, Kansas, 
Nibraska, but among people from Nu- 
medal and Telemarken the vowel was 
just as often 2 (or ¢). The following 
names of states may be noted: Vis- 
kons'n, Aiovai, Sj Dakota, Kullarado, Mon- 
tana, Kalleforni, Vassiyt'n and Qrrgan. 
The city of “‘Seattle’’ was called Sett’] 
by some of the older people from Sogn, 
but by the others the name is spoken 
about as in English. 


GxrorGE T. Friom,! 
University of Illinots. 


8 J here=y of course. 
9 Also Sant Luis. 


ia = 
a. ie Br. S- 


ig 
on 


Breas 
he ee 
rai, wave 


